
VoluBridge
VoluBridge
Despite significant advances in the personal fabrication of flexible interactive devices, it remains challenging to simultaneously achieve geometric complexity, robust circuit integration, and mechanical performance, including deformability and load-bearing capacity. Existing rigid solutions lack conformability and kinematic freedom, while soft electronics (e.g., silicone-based or thin-film systems) inherently lack structural stiffness, limiting their geometric complexity as well as their ability to support complex three-dimensional routing and self-supporting forms. This paper investigates how mechanical compliance and electronic stability can be decoupled within a monolithic structure, enabling complex three-dimensional self-supporting forms with controllable motion freedom and reliable circuit integration. We propose VoluBridge, a fabrication framework for monolithic volumetric Island–Bridge structures. Rigid “Islands” anchor omnidirectional electronic components to ensure stability, while “Bridges” employ topological routing to transform tough nylon resin into anisotropic compliant mechanisms. We further introduce three bridge primitives that enable conformability, stretchability and bending, and freeform routing, respectively. To realize VoluBridge, we present a fabrication-aware design tool and a workflow that combines consumer-grade LCD stereolithography with a warm-water-bath-assisted Field’s metal injection process. Evaluations show stable electrical connectivity under deformation with strong electromechanical fatigue performance. The applications demonstrate complex volumetric forms with integrated electronic interactions, expanding the interactive design space.














